課程詳情
動詞:He asks me to help him often.
謂語 非謂語
1.謂語動詞:時(shí)態(tài)/被動語態(tài)
2.非謂語:do/ to do/ doing/ done
非謂語動詞一直是英語學(xué)習(xí)的難點(diǎn),也是中考的常考點(diǎn),主要為動詞不定式和動名詞,在單項(xiàng)填空、詞形填空和詞組翻譯題型中均有涉及。學(xué)生在做此類試題時(shí)應(yīng)先分析本題該用謂語動詞還是非謂語動詞,然后才能確定選用動詞的哪種形式或者非謂語的哪種形式。如何確定使用動詞的哪種形式具體講解詳見動詞的時(shí)態(tài),下面列舉幾種常見的判定非謂語動詞形式的方法:
1.如何判定本題該使用謂語動詞還是非謂語動詞:判斷句子是否缺少謂語。
①當(dāng)句子缺少謂語時(shí),該動詞就用謂語動詞形式。一般情況下,動詞作謂語放在主語之后,如“I love you.”中,love就是謂語動詞。
②當(dāng)句中已有謂語動詞又沒有并列連詞與所填動詞并列時(shí),該動詞就用非謂語動詞形式。非謂語動詞可以在句子中作除謂語以外的任何成分,如主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、表語、定語、狀語及插入語。
1)不定式
1.不定式的構(gòu)成
不定式的基本形式為:to+動詞原形,有時(shí)可以不用to,這里的to是不定式符號,本身無詞義,動詞不定式的否定形式是not+to+動詞原形。動詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化。
2.不定式的基本用法
用法 |
說明 |
例句 |
作 主 語 |
動詞不定式作主語時(shí),常用it作形式主語,而將真正的主語放在句末,避免句子頭重腳輕。其結(jié)構(gòu)為It+be+adj.+to do sth. |
To learn English well is useful. =It is useful to learn English well. |
如果要說明不定式表示的動作的執(zhí)行者,可以在不定式前加一個(gè)for短語。其結(jié)構(gòu)為It+be+adj.+for sb.+to do sth. |
It is good for you to go out for a walk. |
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某些表示人的品質(zhì)、特征等的形容詞(如kind,good,nice,wise,clever,polite等)作表語時(shí),不定式之前可以加一個(gè)of短語,用來說明動作的執(zhí)行者。其結(jié)構(gòu)為It+be+adj.+of sb.+to do sth. |
It’s not polite of him to speak to old people like that. |
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兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的動詞不定式并列時(shí),第一個(gè)不定式帶to,后面的不定式通常省略to |
To go to sleep early and get up early is a good habit. |
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作 賓 語 |
不定式用在及物動詞后作賓語,常見的及物動詞有:begin,choose,continue,decide,expect,fail,forget,hate,help,hope,learn,manage,mean,need,offer,plan,prefer,pretend,promise,refuse,try,afford,agree,start,like等 |
I can’t afford to buy a digital camera at the moment. |
在find,think后跟不定式作賓語時(shí),常用it代替,而將真正的賓語放在后面 |
I find it easy to read English every day. |
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作 賓 語 補(bǔ) 足 語 |
常接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞有:want,ask,tell,allow,get,would like,advise,encourage等 |
My mother encourages me to learn Japanese. |
一些使役動詞和感官動詞也用不定式作賓補(bǔ),這時(shí)不定式要省略to。這些動詞有:一感(feel)、二聽(hear,listen to)、三讓(let,make,have)、四看(look at,see,watch,notice)。但變被動語態(tài)時(shí)必須加上to |
I often hear Li Ming sing in the next room. |
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動詞help后面的不定式,既可以帶to,也可以不帶to |
You must help me(to)do my homework this afternoon. |
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作 定 語 |
作定語的不定式,要放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞之后 |
I have some clothes to wash. |
如果不定式是不及物動詞,且與它所修飾的詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動關(guān)系,則不定式要加上相應(yīng)的介詞 |
He is looking for a room to live in. We have a lot of things to talk about. |
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當(dāng)不定式修飾的名詞是time,place或way時(shí),不定式后面習(xí)慣上省略介詞 |
My grandma had no place to live(in)in the old days. |
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不定式修飾 something,anything,nothing時(shí),放在它們的后面,如果something,anything,nothing有形容詞修飾,詞序是“something/anything/nothing+形容詞+不定式” |
I had something cold to drink. |
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作 狀 語 |
不定式作目的狀語時(shí)可放在句首或句尾 |
To be a good student,one must study hard. |
和某些形容詞連用構(gòu)成“be+形容詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu),作原因狀語 |
We are sorry to trouble you. |
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作程度或結(jié)果狀語時(shí),常與enough(表示肯定)或too(表示否定)連用 |
He is old enough to go to school. He is too young to go to school. |
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作表語 |
表示主語的“職業(yè)、職責(zé)或性質(zhì)”等,通常對連系動詞前面的名詞進(jìn)行解釋說明 |
His wish is to become a doctor. |
和疑問 詞連用 |
不定式常和疑問詞what,which,when,where,how連用,在句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語等成分 |
He didn't know where to go. =He didn't know where he should go. |
動詞不定式的特殊句型:
①too…to… “太……而不能……”。
如:The boy is too young to look after himself. 那個(gè)男孩太小而不能照顧自己。
②…enough to…“……足夠……”。
如:He is old enough to go to school. 他足夠大能去上學(xué)了。
③Why don’t you +省略to的不定式?=Why not +省略to的不定式?為什么不……呢?
如:Why don't you get her a photo album? =Why not get her a photo album? 為什么不給她買個(gè)相冊呢?
④had better+(not)+省略to的不定式。最好(不要)做……
如:You'd better not stay here today. 你今天最好別待在這兒。
⑤Will you please+省略to的不定式?你愿意……嗎?
如:Will you please close the door? 能請你把門關(guān)上嗎?
⑥prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. “寧愿做某事而不愿做某事”
如:I prefer to do more work rather than do nothing at home.我寧愿做更多的工作也不愿在家無所事事。
⑦It is+adj.+for/of sb.+to do.“做某事是……的”
如:It is necessary for us to brush our teeth twice a day.一天刷兩次牙對我們是有必要的。
It+be+形容詞+不定式
It’s hard to say which one is better.很難說哪一個(gè)更好。
It+be+名詞+不定式
It was great fun to have a picnic there. 在那里野餐很有意思。
It+動詞+名詞/副詞+不定式
It took me 2 hours to finish my homework. 完成作業(yè)花了我兩個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間。
2).動名詞
1作主語
單獨(dú)作主語時(shí),謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式;如果并列的動名詞(短語)作主語, 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
Reading in bed is not good for your eyes.在床上看書對你的眼睛不好。
Reading and writing are necessary for us. 讀書和寫作對我們很有必要。
2作表語
動名詞(短語)作表語可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動名詞(短語)作主語。如:
His favorite sport is playing ping-pong.=Playing ping-pong is his favorite sport.他最喜歡的運(yùn)動是打乒乓球。
3作賓語
動詞賓語, 多用來表示習(xí)慣性動作。如:
I like playing football very much.我非常喜歡踢足球。
常跟動名詞作賓語的動詞有:
enjoy喜歡
mind 介意
finish 完成
keep持續(xù)
suggest 建議
practice 練習(xí)
consider考慮
miss錯(cuò)過
imagine想象
avoid避免
can’t help忍不住
go on 繼續(xù)
be worth值得
be busy忙于
give up放棄
succeed in成功,設(shè)法
look forward to期待
be used to習(xí)慣于
end up以……結(jié)束
put off推遲
pay attention to注意
be interested in對……感興趣
注意:含有介詞to的固定短語:
make (a) contribution (s) to 為……做貢獻(xiàn)
devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身,致力于……
look forward to 期待,盼望
preferto 比起……更喜歡……
be used to 習(xí)慣……,適應(yīng)……
pay attention to注意
某些動詞后接不定式和動名詞的區(qū)別
1.forget doing sth.忘記做過某事
forget to do sth.忘記要做某事(未做)
I forget to bring my homework.我忘記帶作業(yè)了。
I forget bringing my homework.我忘記已把作業(yè)帶來了。
2.remember doing sth.記得做過某事
remember to do sth.記得去做某事(未做)
Please remember to post my letter.請記得把我的信寄走。
I remember posting your letter.我記得把你的信寄出去了。
3.try doing sth.嘗試做某事
try to do sth.盡力做某事
Please try to do better next time.下次請?jiān)O(shè)法做得更好些。
He tried speaking in English.他試著用英語講。
4.hear/see sb. doing sth.聽見/看見某人正在做某事
hear/see sb. do sth. 聽見/看見某人做了某事
I often see him play football 我經(jīng)??匆娝咔?/p>
I saw him playing football went I passed 當(dāng)我經(jīng)過的時(shí)候,我看見他正在踢球
5.Stop to do sth 停下去做某事
Stop doing sth 停止做某事
Stop to think about it for a moment.停下來想一下這件事。
Stop talking, please.請不要說話。
6.Mean to do sth 打算做某事
Mean doing sth 意味著
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去,但我父親不肯讓我去。
Doing that means wasting time.做那件事意味著浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別
1.在語態(tài)上,現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義,過去分詞表示被動意義。
the surprising news令人驚訝的消息
a surprised man一個(gè)感到驚訝的人
a moving film一部感人的電影
the moved people被感動的人們
2.在時(shí)間上,現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動作,過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的動作。
the developing country發(fā)展中國家
the developed country發(fā)達(dá)國家
the rising sun正在升起的太陽
the risen sun升起來的太陽
易混句式have sb.do sth.,have sb.doing sth.和have sth. done的區(qū)別
1.have sb. do sth.意為“讓某人做某事”,have可以用let,make代替。不定式往往表示一次性的具體動作,且強(qiáng)調(diào)動作已經(jīng)完成或尚未發(fā)生。
The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father.士兵們讓這個(gè)男孩背對他的父親站著。
2.have sb. doing sth.表示“使某人作出某種反應(yīng)”或“勸說/命令某人做某事”;用于否定句時(shí)表示“允許/容忍某人做某事”。
Within minutes he had the whole audience laughing and clapping.短短幾分鐘內(nèi)他就令全體觀眾歡笑、鼓掌。
3.have sth.done意為“讓某事被別人做”,即ask sb.else to do sth.,過去分詞(done)所表示的動作由他人(非主語本身)來完成。
The driver had his car washed once a week.這個(gè)司機(jī)一周讓人洗一次車。